AP Chemistry

Learning objectives

• Distinguish between ionic, covalent, and metallic bonding based on electronegativity differences
• Draw Lewis structures including resonance and formal charge minimization
• Predict molecular geometry and polarity using VSEPR theory
• Relate bond order, bond length, and bond energy
• Explain how bonding type determines physical properties

Learning objectives

• Identify London dispersion, dipole-dipole, and hydrogen bonding forces
• Relate intermolecular forces to boiling point, vapor pressure, and solubility
• Interpret phase diagrams and predict phase transitions
• Calculate and apply colligative properties (boiling point elevation, freezing point depression, osmotic pressure)
• Explain separation of mixtures using chromatography and distillation

Learning objectives

• Write and interpret net ionic equations for reactions in solution
• Classify chemical reactions including precipitation, acid-base, and redox
• Perform stoichiometric calculations with mole ratios
• Identify limiting reagents and calculate theoretical and percent yield
• Apply solution concentration (molarity) in quantitative problem solving

Learning objectives

• Determine rate laws from experimental data using the method of initial rates
• Apply integrated rate laws and half-life calculations
• Use the Arrhenius equation to relate rate constants to temperature and activation energy
• Analyze reaction mechanisms to identify elementary steps, intermediates, and rate-determining steps
• Explain how catalysts accelerate reactions by lowering activation energy

Learning objectives

• Distinguish between endothermic and exothermic processes using enthalpy diagrams
• Calculate enthalpy changes using calorimetry and q=mCdT
• Apply Hess law and standard enthalpies of formation to determine reaction enthalpy
• Estimate enthalpy changes using bond enthalpies
• Interpret enthalpy diagrams and energy profiles

Learning objectives

• Write equilibrium expressions (Kc, Kp) and calculate equilibrium constants
• Use ICE tables to determine equilibrium concentrations
• Apply Le Chatelier principle to predict shifts in equilibrium
• Compare Q and K to predict reaction direction
• Calculate solubility from Ksp and apply the common ion effect

Learning objectives

• Calculate pH, pOH, and pKa for strong and weak acid/base solutions
• Apply Ka and Kb to calculate equilibrium concentrations
• Design and analyze buffer systems using Henderson-Hasselbalch
• Interpret titration curves for strong/weak acid-base combinations
• Explain indicator selection based on pKa and equivalence point pH

Learning objectives

• Predict entropy changes based on particle count, phase, and temperature
• Calculate Gibbs free energy and determine spontaneity from delta-G, delta-H, and delta-S
• Relate standard cell potential to delta-G and equilibrium constant K
• Diagram and explain galvanic (voltaic) and electrolytic cells
• Apply Faraday law to calculate mass deposited in electrolysis