Educational Psychology Glossary

In Piaget's theory, the process of modifying existing cognitive schemas to incorporate new information that does not fit existing structures.

In Piaget's theory, the process of incorporating new information into existing cognitive schemas without modifying the schemas.

A learning theory focused on observable behaviors and the external stimuli that shape them through reinforcement and punishment.

A hierarchical classification of cognitive learning objectives ranging from lower-order (remembering) to higher-order (creating) skills.

A memory strategy that involves grouping individual pieces of information into larger, meaningful units to overcome working memory limitations.

A learning process in which a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a meaningful stimulus to produce a conditioned response.

The total amount of mental effort being used in working memory during a learning task.

A theory that learners actively build knowledge through experience, reflection, and integration with prior understanding.

An instructional approach that tailors teaching to meet individual differences in readiness, interest, and learning profile.

A learning strategy that involves generating explanations for why stated facts are true, deepening understanding and memory.

Motivation driven by external rewards, punishments, or social pressures rather than internal interest.

The belief that intelligence and abilities are static traits that cannot be meaningfully developed.

Assessment conducted during instruction to monitor learning progress and provide feedback for instructional adjustment.

The belief that abilities and intelligence can be developed through effort, effective strategies, and feedback.

Motivation arising from internal interest, curiosity, or satisfaction derived from the task itself.

Awareness and regulation of one's own cognitive processes, including planning, monitoring, and evaluating learning strategies.

A learning process in which behavior is modified by its consequences through reinforcement or punishment.

The existing knowledge, skills, and understanding a learner brings to a new learning situation.

A learning strategy that involves actively recalling information from memory to strengthen retention.

Temporary instructional support provided to help learners accomplish tasks beyond their current independent capability.

A mental framework or structure that organizes and interprets information, guiding perception and understanding.

A person's belief in their capability to successfully perform a specific task or behavior.

The process by which learners actively manage their own cognition, motivation, and behavior to achieve learning goals.

Assessment conducted at the end of an instructional period to evaluate overall student learning against standards.

The range of tasks a learner can perform with guidance but not yet independently, representing optimal instructional targets.