Statistical Inference Methods Glossary

n < 0.10N ensures approximate independence when sampling without replacement.

The claim contradicting H0. Can be one-sided or two-sided.

X2 = sum((O-E)^2/E). For GOF and independence/homogeneity tests.

An interval estimate for a population parameter with a specified confidence level across repeated sampling.

Independent pieces of information. GOF: k-1. Independence: (r-1)(c-1). t-test: n-1 or n-2.

np>=10 and n(1-p)>=10 ensures p-hat is approximately normal.

Critical value times standard error. Half the CI width.

Statement of no effect/difference/association. The default claim to test.

Probability of a test statistic as extreme as observed, assuming H0 is true.

p-hat_c = (x1+x2)/(n1+n2). Used in two-proportion z-tests under H0.

Probability of correctly rejecting a false H0. Power = 1-beta.

The probability distribution of a statistic from all possible samples of a given size.

Threshold below which H0 is rejected. Equals probability of Type I error.

SD of sampling distribution. Means: s/sqrt(n). Proportions: sqrt(p-hat(1-p-hat)/n).

Rejecting a true H0 (false positive). Probability = alpha.

Failing to reject a false H0 (false negative). Probability = beta. Power = 1-beta.